Friday, March 20, 2015

ေသြးက်ေဆးအမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳး


Dear sir,
            I want to know anti-hypertensive drugs and their dosage adjustment according to blood pressure.Thanks you in advance,sir.


ေမးထားတာက က်ယ္ျပန္႕လို႕ ေက်းဇူးတင္မေစာေစခ်င္ပါဘူး။ နွစ္ေၾကာင္းထဲေပမယ့္ ျပန္ေျဖရမွာ ေတာ္ရံုနဲ႕ မျဖစ္နိုင္ပါဘူး။ ေဆးပညာမွာ ေသြးတိုး၊ဆီးခ်ိဳဆိုတာ အင္မတန္က်ယ္ျပန္႕တဲ့ဘာသာရပ္ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ သူမ်ားနိုင္ငံေတြမွာ အထူးျပဳဘာသာရပ္လို႕ေျပာနိုင္ပါတယ္။ ဒီနိုင္ငံမွာ ဆီးခ်ိဳအထူးကုဆရာဝန္ဆိုတာရွိေပမယ့္ ေသြးတိုးက်ေတာ့ နွလံုးဆရာဝန္နဲ႕ ပိုမိုသက္ဆိုင္တယ္။ စိတ္ဝင္စားဖို႕ေကာင္းတာတခုက အေထြေထြသမားေတာ္နဲ႕ နွလံုးအထူးကုေတာင္မွ အယူအဆ၊ေဆးေပးနည္းမတူတာေတြ႕ရတယ္။ ေတြ႕ရတယ္ဆိုတာ ေဆးမိတ္ဆက္ပြဲေတြမွာ ျပန္အလွန္စကားေျပာၾကတဲ့အခါ အယူအဆမတူညီတာ ေတြ႕ရတယ္။ ဘယ္သူမွန္တယ္၊မွားတယ္ဆိုလိုခ်င္တာ မဟုတ္ဘူး။ သံုးသပ္တဲ့ အယူအဆမတူတာကို ေျပာခ်င္တာပါ။ ေသြးတိုးေရာဂါမွာ က်ေနာ္တို႕အဓိကလိုခ်င္တာက လူနာေသြးေပါင္က်ဖို႕ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ေသြးေပါင္က်ဖို႕၊ထိန္းနိုင္ဖို႕ကို အေရးစိုက္ပါတယ္။ အမွန္က ေရာဂါအခံမရွိရင္ ေသြးေပါင္ထိန္းဖို႕ လြယ္ကူပါတယ္။ ေရာဂါအခံတခု(ဥပမာ ဆီးခ်ိဳ)ရွိရင္ ေသြးတိုးခ်က္ခ်င္းမက်တတ္ဘူး။ အဲဒီအခါ ေဆးေတြ လိုတိုး၊ပိုေလွ်ာ့ လုပ္ရပါတယ္။NICE guideline,AHA guideline စသည္ျဖင့္ အမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳး ရွိပါတယ္။ ျမန္မာနိုင္ငံဆရာဝန္ေတြ အသံုးမ်ားဆံုးနဲ႕ အလြယ္ကူဆံုးက NICE guideline ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ 

NICE guideline
                Aged under 55 years                   Aged over 55 years or black          
Step 1.                 A.                                                C
Step 2.                                          A + C
Step 3.                                        A + C + D
Step 4.        Resistant hypertension(A + C + D + consider further diuretic)
                          alpha-blocker or beta-blocker22 Consider advice

Key words
A – ACE inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB)18
C – Calcium-channel blocker
(CCB)19
D – Thiazide-like diuretic

Initiating and titrating antihypertensive drug treatment

Step 1 treatment
● Offer step 1 treatment to people aged under 80 with stage 1 hypertension and one or more of: − targetorgandamage
− establishedcardiovasculardisease
− renaldisease
− diabetes
− 10-yearcardiovascularriskequivalentto20%ormore.
● Offer step 1 treatment to people of any age with stage 2 hypertension.
● Offer people aged under 55 years an ACE inhibitor or a low-cost ARB. If an ACE inhibitor is prescribed and is not tolerated (for example, because of cough), offer a low-cost ARB.
● Offer people aged over 55 years and black people of African or Caribbean family origin of any age a calcium-channel blocker (CCB). If a CCB is not suitable, for example because of oedema or intolerance, or if there is evidence of heart failure or a high risk of heart failure, offer a thiazide-like diuretic.
● If treatment with a diuretic is being started, or changed, offer a thiazide-like diuretic, such as chlortalidone (12.5–25.0 mg once daily) or indapamide (1.5 mg modified-release once daily or 2.5 mg once daily) in preference to a conventional thiazide diuretic such as bendroflumethiazide or hydrochlorothiazide.
● For people who are already having treatment with bendroflumethiazide or hydrochlorothiazide and whose blood pressure is stable and well controlled, continue treatment with the bendroflumethiazide or hydrochlorothiazide.
● Beta-blockers are not preferred in step 1. However, they may be considered for younger people if ACE inhibitors and ARBs are contraindicated or not tolerated or there is evidence of increased sympathetic drive, and for women of child-bearing potential.
● If blood pressure is not controlled by step 1 treatment, offer step 2 treatment. 

Step 2 treatment
● Offer a CCB in combination with either an ACE inhibitor or an ARB16.
● If a CCB is not suitable, for example because of oedema or intolerance, or if there is evidence of heart
failure or a high risk of heart failure, offer a thiazide-like diuretic.
● For black people of African or Caribbean family origin, consider an ARB16 in preference to an ACE inhibitor, in combination with a CCB.
● If a beta-blocker was used in step 1, add a CCB rather than a thiazide-type diuretic, to reduce the person’s risk of developing diabetes.
● Before considering step 3 treatment, review medication to ensure step 2 treatment is at optimal or best tolerated doses.

Step 3 treatment
● Offer an ACE inhibitor or an ARB16 in combination with a CCB and a thiazide-like diuretic.
● Regard clinic blood pressure that remains 140/90 mmHg or higher after step 3 treatment with optimal
or best tolerated doses as resistant hypertension. Consider step 4 treatment or seeking expert advice.

Step 4 treatment
● Consider further diuretic therapy with low-dose (25 mg once daily) spironolactone17 if blood potassium level is 4.5 mmol/l or lower. Use particular caution in people with a reduced eGFR, because they have an increased risk of hyperkalaemia.
● Consider further diuretic therapy with a higher-dose thiazide-like diuretic if blood potassium level is higher than 4.5 mmol/l.
● When using further diuretic therapy, monitor blood sodium and potassium and renal function within 1 month and repeat as required thereafter.
● If further diuretic therapy is not tolerated, or is contraindicated or ineffective, consider an alpha- or beta-blocker.
● If blood pressure remains uncontrolled with optimal or maximum tolerated doses of four drugs, seek expert advice if it has not yet been obtained.

ေဆးအခ်ိန္အဆ ဆိုတာ အေတြးအေခၚနဲ႕ အယူအဆေပၚမူတည္ျပီး ေျပာင္းလဲသြားပါတယ္။ ေဆးေပးတဲ့အခါ ေသြးေပါင္ကို မွန္မွန္ကန္ကန္ခ်နိုင္ဖို႕ အေရးႁကီးပါတယ္။ အရမ္းကာေရာ က်ခ်င္လို႕ ေဆးေတြအမ်ားၾကီးေပးတာ မေကာင္းပါဘူး။ တခါက လူနာတေယာက္ရွိပါတယ္။ တရက္မွာ အထူးကုသြားျပေတာ့ ေသြးက်ေဆး ၂မ်ိဳးေပးလိုက္တယ္။ ေဆးကို ၂ပတ္ေသာက္ရမွာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ေဆးေသာက္ျပီး နွစ္ရက္ေလာက္ေနေတာ့ ရင္တုန္တာ ဘယ္လိုမွ မေနနိုင္၊မထိုင္နိုင္ျဖစ္ျပီး ေဆးခန္းလာျပတယ္။ ေဆးေၾကာင့္ ရင္တုန္တာျဖစ္လို႕ ကၽြန္ေတာ္ျဖတ္ခိုင္းလိုက္ပါတယ္။ အဲဒီေဆးရဲ႕ ေဘးထြက္ဆိုးက်ိဳးမွာ ရင္တုန္တာ ရွိတယ္ဆိုတာ သိထားလို႕ပါ။ ေဆးေၾကာင့္ လူနာမခံနိုင္ရင္ ျဖတ္ခိုင္းသင့္တာ တကယ့္ကို ရွင္းရွင္းလင္းလင္းပါ။ အထူးကု တင္ထားလို႕ အေထြေထြကုက မျဖတ္သင့္ဘူးလို႕ ဘယ္တုန္းကမွ မထင္ခဲ့ဘူး။  သို႕ေသာ္ ကၽြန္ေတာ္ဂရုစိုက္တာတခုက respectပါ။ ဆရာဝန္အခ်င္းခ်င္း respectရွိဖို႕လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ ဆရာဝန္တေယာက္ေပးထားတာကို ေနာက္တေယာက္က အေၾကာင္းခိုင္ခိုင္လံုလံုမရွိဘဲ ေျပာင္းလဲတာ၊ျပဳျပင္တာ မလုပ္သင့္ပါဘူး။ လူနာအတြက္ တကယ္လိုအပ္ရင္လုပ္ပါ။ ဘာ့ေၾကာင့္လဲဆိုေတာ့ ေဆးတမ်ိဳးဟာ ကိုယ္နဲ႕မတဲ့တာ ရွိတတ္ပါတယ္။ တခုေတာ့ ရွိပါတယ္။ ကိုယ့္စိတ္မွာ တကယ္လိုအပ္တယ္၊ျဖတ္သင့္တယ္လို႕ ေသခ်ာေနဖို႕လိုပါတယ္။ 

ေသြးေပါင္သီအိုရီေျပာင္းလဲတာကိုဆက္ေျပာရရင္ အရင္က ေဆးတမ်ိဳးနဲ႕ မက်ရင္ ေနာက္တမ်ိဳးထပ္ထည့္တယ္။ အခုသီအိုရီက လူနာခံနိုင္ေလာက္တဲ့ maximunထိ တင္ျပီး မထိန္းနိုင္မွ ေနာက္ေဆးတမ်ိဳးထပ္ျဖည့္ခိုင္းတယ္။ေဆးအတိုးအေလွ်ာ့ဆိုတာ လူနာရဲ႕ အေျခအေနေပၚမူတည္ျပီး ဆံုးျဖတ္ရပါတယ္။ ေနာက္ဆံုးအေနနဲ႕ ေမးထားတာကို အတိုဆံုးေျဖရရင္
Q.How to adjust antihypertensive dosage?
A.It depends on condition whether the patient respond to drugs clinically or not.
It is all how to manage hypertension.

ေဒါက္တာ ေအးမင္းထူး
၆.၁၂.၁၃

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